1 IOR Ecosystem Objective 1.1 Assumptions 2 Business of IOR 2.1 In-Orbit Refueling vs Refueling a Car 2.2 Benefits of Interoperability in IOR 2.3 Space In-Orbit Refueling Market – Financial projections 3 IOR Refueling Technologies 3.1 In-Orbit Refueling Core Technologies… 

1.2.1.1 IRD:CS-CS-1: Inter-Spacecraft Interfaces  

1.2.1 Interface Requirements Documents 1.2.1.1 Inter-Spacecraft Interfaces  

Propellants Electric Propulsion Propellants (Noble Gases) Primary propellants: Xenon Krypton Why? Used by almost all modern LEO constellations Increasingly used in GEO satellites Very high efficiency (high Isp) Ideal for orbit raising + station keeping Compatible with all-electric satellite platforms… 

Terms and Conditions Project Artifacts & Structure: Confluence and Jira are the source of truth. Web pages manage the review process. Contributor: Two contributors assist in Confluence/Jira updates based on their systems engineering and space project experience, and based on… 

What Is This Project The IOR Architectural Initiative is an eight-week systems engineering project created to deliver a structured architectural decomposition of an In-Orbit Refuelling (IOR) system. Phase I applies a disciplined systems engineering process to define mission context, capture… 

Normative References CONFERS: https://satelliteconfers.org/page/technical-committee-contributions CONFERS: Recommendations for Prepared In-Space (Re)Fueling Systems for Storable Propellants CONFERS: Recommendations for Best Practices, Functional Requirements, and Norms for In-space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing (ISAM) Power and Data Interfaces NASA RPOD – https://www.nasa.gov/reference/jsc-rendezvous-prox-ops-docking-subsystems/ MERL –… 

Acronyms AR&C – Autonomous Rendezvous and Capture. DSO – Dynamic Space Operations. ECEF – Earth-Centered Earth-Fixed. Used for ground locations. ECI – Earth Central Inertial – uses for orbits, spacecraft trajectory. GGNS – Guidance, Navigation and Control System. GN&C –… 

Naming Convention OPCON Stages Examples OPC-LAUNCH OPC-ORBIT_INSERT OPC-STANDBY OPC-RENDEZVOUS OPC-PROXIMITY_OPS OPC-DOCKING OPC-PROP_TRANSFER OPC-UNDOCKING OPC-RETURN OPC-DISPOSAL Requirements IOR-<LEVEL>-<CATEGORY>-NNN LEVEL STKR = Stakeholder Requirement MISR = Mission Requirement SYSR = System Requirement DERR = Derived Requirement VERI = Verification Requirement HSWR –… 

  Document/Purpose  External and Internal Interfaces defined Traceability (Upstream /Downstream) Documents Upstream: Downstream: System Requirements Status DRAFT – Ready for Review Baseline Version/Date Current Version Not yet established | v0.1 04 Mar 2026 Last Updated  23 Mar 2026 Owner / Lead…