In-Orbit Refueling (IOR) has the potential to extend satellite life, improve constellation economics, and enable new space logistics capabilities. But for IOR to become a scalable commercial service, the industry needs more than individual refueling technologies. It needs interoperability and… 

 A constellation is truly autonomous only if it does not depend on humans to obtain one of its most fundamental resources: propellant. This leads to a concept developed by the In-Orbit Refueling Working Group: Autonomous IOR, or Auto-IOR. Definition: Autonomous… 

Economics of In-Orbit Refueling (IOR) Interoperability Interoperability in space is not about working together within a single country. Space is a global domain and therefore requires coordination across organizations, companies, and countries. What Does IOR Interoperability Look Like? Figure 1:…